كتاب الطالب 2020 2021 دراسات اجتماعية منهج إنجليزي صف سابع فصل ثالث
ENVIRONMENT
Located between China, Russia and India, Central Asian countries share an environment that consists of desert, mountains, and steppe grasslands. The climate is semi-arid with hot, dry summers. Regionally, the northern area of Central Asia has very cold winters, while the southern areas have mild, warm winters. Being a relatively dry area, Central Asia traditionally has had a water scarcity, which has led to an uneven population distribution. Historically, most inhabitants of Central Asia live along the riverbanks and the foothills of south-eastern mountains, with very few inhabitants living in the drier areas such as Central and Western Kazakhstan and Western Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan
Charyn Canyon and Mountains in Kazakhstan
Central Asian mountain ranges are considered biodiversity hotspots with a wide range of resources that are traditionally used by people in the region. Forest products such as wood, animals, water, and fruit nuts. One of the most prominent mountain ranges in Central Asia is the Turkistan Range. This mountain range stretches through Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. The highest point in the range is called the Piramidalny Peak which measures 5,510 metres
LAND AREA OF CENTRAL ASIA
While over 60% of Central Asia consists of dry desert areas, many cultural inhabitants of the region have traditionally lived near riverbanks. The major river systems in the region include the Amu Darya River, Syr Darya River, Irtysh River, Hari River and the Murghab River. The largest river system in Central Asia is the Amu Darya, which has one river basin flowing into the Caspian Sea and another flowing into the Arctic Ocean. The Amu Darya River flows through all five of the collective "Stans" as well as neighbouring Afghanistan
Arashan River, Altyn Aroshan Gorge, Kyrgyzstan
Activity 5 Geographic Connection
Instructions: How do you think the river systems of Central Asia helped to develop the culture? Write a 3-5 sentence reflection
The tough terrain of Central Asian countries made it difficult for people to settle certain areas. In the past, these difficulties often lead to clashes as people began to fight over resources. In today's political landscape, fights over resources can be resolved diplomatically as various governments work to share resources in peaceful ways. How can governments provide a more moral and equitable approach to resource sharing, as opposed to the localized fighting and clashes of the past
Lesson 3 The Culture of Central Asia
Activity 1: 3 cultural Map Review
Instructions: Answer the question
As a centrally located region, nestled between China, Russia, Iran, and Afghanistan, Central Asia plays an important role in regional culture and politics. Which surrounding countries do you think may have had the greatest impact on Central Asian culture
Central Asia has a population of roughly 72 million with 18 million living in Kazakhstan, 6 million in Kyrgyzstan, 9 million in Tajikistan, 6 million in Turkmenistan, and 33 million in Uzbekistan. During the pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, the inhabitants of Central Asia predominately spoke variations of Persian languages. This has changed, however, due to the migrations of individuals from surrounding countries. The Turkic peoples, for example, migrated and settled across most of Central Asia between the 5th and 10th century. These people were a collection of ethnic groups from East, North, and West Asia, as well as parts of Europe and North Africa
From 618 to 907 parts of Central Asia was ruled by the Tang Dynasty of China. This dynasty left a lasting impact on the region that is still seen in the vast and diverse culture. In the year 751, the Tang Dynasty was defeated by the Abbasid Caliphate and Tibetan Empire at the Battle of Talas. This marked an end to the Tang Dynasty and the beginning of an Arabic influence on the region. The longest period of rule in Central Asia occurred during the 13th and 14th century when the Mongols conquered and ruled the area
PEOPLE
As the largest landlocked country in the world, its population is relatively small in comparison to other countries of its size. Kazakhstan currently has a population of roughly 19 million people, which are sparsely located throughout the country. With fewer than 6 people per square kilometre, Kazakhstan has one of the lowest population densities in the world. Its population, however, is diverse and represents about eight different ethnic groups. These ethnic groups live harmoniously within the country and are classified as 68% Kazakh, 19.3% Russian, 3.2% Uzbek, 1.5% Ukrainian, 1.5% Uighur, 1.1% Tatar, and 1% German, with 4.4% classified as other
While Kazakh is the official language of Kazakhstan, Russian and English languages are spoken as well. Politically, Kazakhstan is considered a democratic, secular and constitutional republic. The political structure has a parliament composed of a lower house called the Majlis and an upper house called the Senate. In the Majlis, 107 officials are elected by popular vote, while the Senate has 48 elected representatives
Kazakh Family in Saty Village, Kazakhstan
TAJIKISTAN
Tajikistan is landlocked country that borders Kyrgyzstan to the north, China to the east, Uzbekistan to the west and Afghanistan to the south. During a period of Russian annexation, which impacted all of Central Asia, Tajikistan merged with Uzbekistan before becoming its own republic in 1929
Like its Central Asian neighbours, Tajikistan has a multilingual name that includes a Persian suffix. In this case, Tajik" represents the name of the main ethnic group of the country and with "Stan" representing "Land of." While the Tajiks are the main ethnic group in the country, other ethnic groups (Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Russian, Tartar, Turkmen and Arab) also live harmoniously within the country. The population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim with over 5 languages widely spoken (Tajik, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Russian, and other regional languages)
TAJIKISTAN ECONOMY
Like neighbouring Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan's economy is fragile and dependent upon remittances from its foreign workers in Russia. Foreign remittances account for roughly 47% of Tajikistan's GDP, making it one of the most remittance-dependent economies in the world
Other forms of revenue for the country include aluminum production and cotton production. The aluminum industry is one of the biggest in the world with the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company serving as the largest aluminum plant in Central Asia. Cotton is a significant crop in Tajikistan and accounts for roughly 60% of the agricultural output. This large agricultural output supports over 75% of the population